Problems associated with the urinary track need long-term treatment. There are several facets of the problem, and you need a specialist doctor for it. Sometimes, people get confused with the terminology. They are unable to understand the difference between Nephrology and Urology. It is very much important to understand what is the area the expert is proficient into?
What is nephrology?
Nephrology is the science of diagnosing the problems that affect the urinary system. The doctor looks into the diagnosis and treatment of inflammation of the kidneys, chronic kidney disorders and long-term implications of diabetes and hypertension. The experts also analyze the side-effects of different medicines on the urinary system.
Our blood has a delicate mix of calcium, potassium, and sodium. Any imbalance in the proportion or concentration causes severe impact on kidneys. Nephrologists look into the problem and tackle it by medicines.
They are also the expert in treating kidney stones without surgical methods. Early diagnosis and treatment resolves the problem and prevents from occurring again. When patients follow the medication well and take medicines in time, situation remains under control.
Nephrologists have routine follow-up of kidney patients who are required to undergo kidney transplant or dialysis routine regularly.
Urologists
Urologists treat kidney related disorders, urinary track problems and reproductive system problems in men and women. They are capable of performing surgeries and treat problems about urination. Cyst, unnatural growth and stones cause not only incontinence, but also responsible for impotence and erectile dysfunction in men.
Prime responsibilities of nephrologists
They prescribe diagnostic tests depending on the condition of the patient. They also collaborate with other healthcare professionals and design the treatment plan. In the case of chronic ailments, a joint consultation is obtained from the experts. Patient care before and after is managed by nephrologists.
Prime responsibilities of urologists
Since they are proficient in surgeries, Urologists always ask for a thorough investigation. They check each and every aspect that can affect the surgical procedure. Since these experts can treat male and female reproductive problems (which are about the urinary track), they are usually busier than nephrologists. Their role is prominent during the surgery.
Diagnostics that help both nephrologists and urologists
The ratio of Albumin to Creatinine, Serum potassium level, Sodium and potassium ration are some important parameters they look into. Blood tests and urine tests are conducted prior to the diagnosis. Accurate reports help in arriving at the right treatment plan.
10 things about " MALE PENIS "
Penises are born ready, and it is for babies to exit the womb with an erection. Even before the moment of birth, ultrasound scans sometimes show a fetus with a fully formed erection.
According to a , fetal erections most commonly occur during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. And they can happen a each hour. No one is quite sure why, but it might be the body’s way of testing things out and keeping them running correctly.
A lot of people might take solace in this fact: Penises are longer than they look. In fact, around half of the entire length is housed inside the body.
Although an older study, published in , found that penile length was related to both height and foot length, it was a weak relationship, and the authors concluded, “Height and foot size would not serve as practical estimators of penis length.”
A 2006 study published in the looked at other correlations. The researchers concluded that “Penile dimensions are significantly correlated with age, height, and index finger length,” but not foot size.
Most people with penises have 3–5 erections every night, mostly during sleep. This is also called “nocturnal penile tumescence,” and it’s still not clear why it happens.
One theory is that it might help prevent bed wetting: An erection inhibits urination.
A full bladder is known to stimulate nerves in a similar region to those involved in erections. However, because people with vaginas experience something similar — nocturnal clitoral tumescence — bed wetting prevention is probably not the entire answer.
Another potential explanation is that REM sleep is linked with switching off cells that produce noradrenaline in the locus coeruleus, which is in the brainstem. These cells of the penis. So, by reducing the inhibition, the penis becomes erect.
Whatever the reason behind nocturnal erections, they can be useful as a diagnostic tool. If it is difficult to have or maintain an erection while awake, but not during sleep, this can point to an underlying psychological cause, rather than a physical one.
So, we’ve established that erections can occur in the womb and during sleep, but what is perhaps even more surprising is: the death erection. Also called “angel lust” or a terminal erection, it happens in the moments after death.
However, it has also been reported following death by a gunshot wound to the head, damage to major blood vessels, and poisoning.
Another is that the erection is caused by “the brutal destruction of the cervical spinal cord.”
There is no bone in the penis, which is fairly unusual for mammals. However, it is still possible to break the penis. This occurs during vigorous sex, although doctors have also documented it in people who have fallen out of bed with an erection.
Penile fracture, as it is known, is actually the rupture of the fibrous covering of the corpora cavernosa, which is the tissue that becomes erect when engorged with blood.
The moment of fracture is accompanied by a popping or cracking sound, intense pain, swelling, and — unsurprisingly — flaccidity.
Thankfully, it doesn’t happen very often, and if it is treated swiftly, this can restore full function. As a note of caution, if this happens to you, do not let embarrassment get the better of you. See a doctor as soon as possible.
7. No-brainer
Most people with penises have very little control over exactly when they ejaculate. This is partly because it does not involve the brain. The signal to ejaculate comes from the spinal ejaculation Source. This region in the spinal cord coordinates the necessary functions.
Of course, the brain does have some input into these matters — thinking about something else is a well-known way to , for instance — but the nuts and bolts of the whole operation are dealt with in the spine.
A penile erection can point in virtually any direction. Straight ahead, left or right, up or down, there’s no right or wrong.
The following data come from that measured 1,484 erections.
In the figures below, if the penis pointed directly up, the measurement was 0 degrees, and if it was forward-pointing (horizontal), the measurement was 90 degrees:
- 0–30 degrees: 4.9% of participants
- 30–60 degrees: 29.6% of participants
- 60–85 degrees: 30.9% of participants
- 85–95 degrees: 9.9% of participants
- 95–120 degrees: 19.8% of participants
- 120–180 degrees 4.9% of participants
So, for anyone concerned that their chap is a bit skewed, do not worry — you are normal.
While
we are on the topic of “normality,” very few penises are straight; they
can curve in any direction. A curve of up to 30 degrees is still
considered healthy.
A study that included 274 participants demonstrated that there is no correlation between the length of a flaccid penis and its erect size. Some start small and end up large (a grower), while some are large when flaccid and only grow a little when erect (a show-er).
Some are small regardless of arousal, and some are large when flaccid and get much larger. It’s a mixed bag.
This may not hold much relevance outside of the locker room, but it’s good to know anyway.
They don’t, really. However, Dr. John Harvey Kellogg, the breakfast cereal mastermind, hoped that . He invented cornflakes and other products because he thought that plain foods would lead Americans away from the “sin” of .
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